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一、Save Best
今天的大模型，在训练过程中可能会终止，但是模型其实是可以接着练的，假设GPU挂了，可以接着训练，在原有的权重上，训练其实就是更新w，如果前面对w进行了存档，那么可以从存档的比较优秀的地方进行训练。
下面代码默认每500步保存权重，第二个参数是选择保存最佳权重
class SaveCheckpointsCallback:def __init__(self, save_dir, save_step=500, save_best_only=True):"""Save checkpoints each save_epoch epoch. We save checkpoint by epoch in this implementation.Usually, training scripts with pytorch evaluating model and save checkpoint by step.Args:save_dir (str): dir to save checkpointsave_epoch (int, optional): the frequency to save checkpoint. Defaults to 1.save_best_only (bool, optional): If True, only save the best model or save each model at every epoch."""self.save_dir = save_dir # 保存路径self.save_step = save_step # 保存步数self.save_best_only = save_best_only # 是否只保存最好的模型self.best_metrics = -1 # 最好的指标，指标不可能为负数，所以初始化为-1# mkdirif not os.path.exists(self.save_dir): # 如果不存在保存路径，则创建os.mkdir(self.save_dir)def __call__(self, step, state_dict, metric=None):if step % self.save_step > 0: #每隔save_step步保存一次returnif self.save_best_only:assert metric is not None # 必须传入metricif metric >= self.best_metrics:# save checkpointstorch.save(state_dict, os.path.join(self.save_dir, "best.ckpt")) # 保存最好的模型，覆盖之前的模型，不保存step，只保存state_dict，即模型参数，不保存优化器参数# update best metricsself.best_metrics = metricelse:torch.save(state_dict, os.path.join(self.save_dir, f"{step}.ckpt")) # 保存每个step的模型，不覆盖之前的模型，保存step，保存state_dict，即模型参数，不保存优化器参数二、Early Stop
如果训练着验证集的准确率开始下降或者损失上升，就需要用到早停：
class EarlyStopCallback:def __init__(self, patience=5, min_delta=0.01):"""Args:patience (int, optional): Number of epochs with no improvement after which training will be stopped.. Defaults to 5.min_delta (float, optional): Minimum change in the monitored quantity to qualify as an improvement, i.e. an absolute change of less than min_delta, will count as no improvement. Defaults to 0.01."""self.patience = patience # 多少个step没有提升就停止训练self.min_delta = min_delta # 最小的提升幅度self.best_metric = -1self.counter = 0 # 计数器，记录多少个step没有提升def __call__(self, metric):if metric >= self.best_metric + self.min_delta:#用准确率# update best metricself.best_metric = metric# reset counter self.counter = 0else: self.counter += 1 # 计数器加1，下面的patience判断用到@property #使用@property装饰器，使得 对象.early_stop可以调用，不需要()def early_stop(self):return self.counter >= self.patience三、Tensorboard
# TensorBoard 可视化pip install tensorboard
训练过程中可以使用如下命令启动tensorboard服务。注意使用绝对路径，否则会报错```shelltensorboard --logdir="D:\PycharmProjects\pythondl\chapter_2_torch\runs" --host 0.0.0.0 --port 8848
```